[page 521] Abhayadatta, 58

• and historiography, 64
• on Saraha, 63
• understanding of works of, 62

Abhayākaragupta, 302, 304n

• Niṣpannayogāvalī, 340n
• sādhanas of, 339n.

Abhidhānottara Tantra, 299

Abhidharma: as division of canon, 71

• as division of monastic curriculum, 207
• on Buddha's body, 344

Abhidharmakośa (mngon mdzod): as subject in DGe lugs pa curriculum, 187-8

Abhidharmakośa. See Vasubandhu.

Abhisamayālaṃkāra: as most like ritual sūtras, 116

• commentaries on, 115-116, 128-129. See also Maitreya.

A chi thu no mon han, 355n. See also Ngag dbang chos ldan.

Action (kriyā) Tantra: character of, 100, 102

ādi, Sanskrit grammatical term, 427

Advayavajra, 98

aesthetic enjoyment, kāvya for, 411

aesthetics, Indian, and Tibetan poetry, 373-377

A khu chin Shes rab rgya mtsho, 190, 238, 240

A khu rin po che. See A khu chin Shes rab rgya mtsho.

aggregates, as conceived in tantras, 105

Akṣobhya: as Kālacakra, 331

• in consecration of images, 304n

alaṃkāra, snyan ngag and, 376

alaṃkāraśāstras, 412

āli, untranslated Sanskrit grammatical term, 423, 427

allegory, legends of siddhas as, 62

Altan Khan, 222, 404

A mdo dGe 'dun chos 'phel, snyan ngag , 375. See also DGe 'dun chos 'phel.

Amitābha, in consecration of books, 304n

Amitāyus: and medical texts, 459

• invoked in zhabs brtan, 348

Amoghāṅkuśa, in Kalāpāvatāra, 489

Amṛtahṛdayāṣṭaṅgaguhyopadeśa Tantra, question of relation to RGyud bzhi, 458-459. See also Aṣṭaṅgahṛdaya.

anti-canon, Mahāyāna canon as, 71

Ānanda, 344-345, 354

Aṅguttara Nikāya, 246

annals, as inadequate translation of lo rgyus, 42

anubandhas, 117

Anuttarayogatantra. See Highest Yoga Tantra.

Anuyoga, in Treasure cycles, 157-158

Apabhraṃśa, tantric texts translated from, 98

aphorisms, as referring to sūtras, 111

apocalyptic, Sambhala myth as, 487

Apollinaire, Guillaume, 385

apologetics, as inadequate translation for dgag lan, 223n

arga ritual, 301, 305n

argham. See water.

arguments, types of, in debate manuals, 204

Aris, Michael, 440

art, Tibetan, historical sources for, 477-479

Āryadeva, 217, 282

• as Great Mādhyamika, 218
• Catuḥśataka, 130
• in polemics, 224n

Āryaśūra, Jātakamālā, 417

Asaṅga, 115, 116, 119, 175, 180

• Abhidharmasamuccaya, 130, 134
• as Great Mādhyamika, 218
• Yogācarya-​bhūmi, rarely mentioned in literature on grounds, 263

Aśoka, 504

A stag lha mo, character in Ge sar epic, 360

Aṣṭaṅgahṛdaya, 461-462, 463, 466[page 522]

Aṣṭasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra, 115, 413

• as providing model for maṇḍala offerings, 322

Atharvaprātiśākhya, 433n

Atiśa [Dīpaṃkaraśrījñāna], 235, 244, 246, 247, 249, 252, 298, 318

• as disciple of Dharmarakṣita, 251, 255n
• as source of BKa 'gdams pa, 277
• associated with bstan rim, 230
• Bodhipathapradīpa, 230, 247-248
• Bodhisattvamaṇyāvalī, 248
• Byang chub lam sgron (=Bodhipathapradīpa), 240
• introduction of Vetāla stories by, 246
• on consecrations, 297
• recovery of BKa 'chems ka khol ma by, 47
• recovery of other works by, 48

Atiyoga, in Treasure cycles, 157-158

ātmanepada, question of relation to bdag, 429-430

authenticity, criteria for, 95

Avabheśajakalpa, 461

Avadānakalpalatā, illustrations of, 472-473

avadānas: as source for GZhon nu zla med kyi gtan rgyud, 416

• themes from in Tibetan poetic writing, 413

Avalokiteśvara, 156, 363

• Dalai Lamas considered as manifestation of, 348, 352
• in Kalāpāvatāra, 489
• in Po ta la'i lam yig, 492

Avantaka, 179

Avataṃsaka Sūtra: as type of Mahāyāna canon, 72

• place of in Lḍan kar ma, 73

avatāra Hindu images of as compared with receptacles, 305n

Āyurveda: and canonical medical texts, 461

• contrasted with RGyud bzhi, 462-465

Bacot, Jacques, 40

Badmaev, Peter, 458

Bal yul gyi lam yig, of LHa mthong bShes gnyen rnam rgyal, 485

'bangs kyi glu ("popular songs"), 370

Basho Matsuo, 386

BCom ldan rigs pa'i ral gri, SNar thang bKa' 'gyur and, 74-77

bdag, question of term's relation to Sanskrit models, 428-431

bden pa'i smon lam ("prayer of truth"), 349

bden tshig, songs of in Ge sar epic, 364

bDud 'dul, episode of Ge sar epic, 360

BDud 'joms Rin po che, 461

• publication of DGe lugs pa polemic by, 225n
• snyan ngag of, 375

belles-lettres: as translation of kāvya, 393-405, 411

• history of in Tibet, 412-414

Bernbaum, Edwin, 491, 494n, 495n

Beyer, Stephan, 315, 326-327, 381, 386n

Bhadracaripraṇidhāna, 115, 345-346

Bhaiṣajyaguru, and medical texts, 459, 462, 463

Bhāmaha, on kāvya, 418n

Bharaḍraja, Indian physician, 465

Bhattacharya, V., 253n

bhāva (Tib. nyams 'gyur): and snyan ngag, 376

• as grammatical term, 430-431

Bhāvaviveka, 133, 298

• Tarkajvāla, 172, 180

bhūmi. See grounds.

Bhusuku, 60. See also Śāntideva.

biographies, religious: ways of reading, 61-67

biography: as distinguished from hagiography, 65

• ornate poetry and, 400

Birwapa, 237. See also Virūpa.

bKa' brgyad, 157-158

BKa' brgyud pa: and ’Brug pa Padma dkar po, 380

• and Mahāmudrā, 281
• as following Si tu Paṇ chen's work on poetics, 419n
• ’Bri gung pa sect of, 404
• bstan rim in, 230
• Chögyam Trungpa as, 382-383
• eight lesser orders of, 278
• four great orders of, 278
• importance of Mi la ras pa for, 378
• importance of O rgyan pa Rin chen dpal for, 280
• important deities for, 333
• Indian lineage of, 220
• rivalries with DGe lugs pas, 404, 405n
• syncretic tendencies of scholasticism, 285n. See also ’Brug pa bKa' brgyud, Dwags po bKa' brgyud, Karma bKa' brgyud, Marpa bKa' brgyud, Rong pa'i bKa' brgyud.

BKa' chems ka khol ma, attributed to Srong btsan sgam po, 47-48

BKa' chen Don grub, assistance of to Bacot, 40

BKa' gdams pa: and DGe lugs pa lineage, 220

• and mental purification texts, 244, 247, 249, 252
• associated with bstan rim, 230
• gdams ngag of, 277, 280
• SGam po pa and, 232. See also New bKa' gdams pa.

bKa' 'gyur, 70-86

• and classification of literature, 19
• and rules for translation, 422
• approaches to, Western and Tibetan, 84-86
• as buddhavacana, 127
• as largest repository of tantras, 97
• as source of nyams mgur, 377
• as prefigured by Lḍan kar ma, 73, 503
• as Speech Receptacle, 504
• Bon po, 138-145
• Bon po, as consisting of gter ma, 139-140, 148
• Bon po, classification of, 141, 144n
• Bon po, correspondence with Buddhist, 142
• Bon po, discovery of complete edition of, 143
• Bon po, manuscripts of, 142
• Bon po, second edition of, 145n
• Bon po, xylographic editions of, 143
• Bu ston[page 523] and, 472
• classification of, 22
• Co ne edition, 82, 503
• divisions of, 22, 79-80
• "Eastern" branch, 80-82
• first mention of, 51n
• first SNar thang edition distinguished from SNar thang blockprint, 76, 88n, 90n
• first SNar thang manuscript of, 74-78
• Indian classification of receptacles in, 303n
• ’Jang sa tham edition, 81
• Kangxi impression, 81
• Lhasa edition, 82
• LHo rdzong edition, 82
• Li thang edition, 77, 81
• London Manuscript, 81
• New Tantras in, 149-150
• Peking edition, 22-23, 90n
• Phug brag edition, 83
• ’Phying ba sTag manuscript, 81
• Qianlong impression, 81
• Ra rgya edition, 82
• RGyud bzhi not in, 461
• SDe dge edition, 82, 84, 90n
• second phase of production of, 78-80
• SNar thang edition, 35n, 76, 82, 88n, 90
• STog Palace edition, 35n, 81
• Tantric division of ( rGyud ), 96-98
• Them spangs ma manuscript, 80-81
• Tshal pa edition, 77-84
• Urga edition, 82
• Wanli impression, 81
• Wa ra edition, 82
• "Western" branch, 80-82
• worship of, 86
• Yongle edition, 81
• Zha lu edition, 78-84. See also bsTan 'gyur, canon, Tripiṭaka.

bKa' 'gyur and bsTan 'gyur, bipartite canon as Tibetan innovation, 79

BKa' rtsis chen mo, discovery of by Atiśa, 48

BKa' thang sde lnga, 149, 156

BKra shis, songs of in Ge sar epic, 364-365

BKra shis 'kyil (monastery), 211n

BKra shis lhun po (monastery), 211n

Blake, William, 385

bla ma (Skt., guru), in offerings, 319. See also spiritual master, teacher

Bla ma mchod pa: performance of, 352-353, 354n

• songs in, 387n

blo, as Tib. equivalent for Skt. buddhi, 245

Blo bzang bstan pa'i rgyal mtshan, brtan zhugs of, 350

Blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan, 355n

• brtan zhugs of, 350-351
• growth in popularity of brtan zhugs during time of, 352. See also Paṇ chen Lama, first.

Blo bzang dpal ldan ye shes, 405n. See also Paṇ chen Blo bzang dpal ldan ye shes.

Blo bzang 'jig med, 355n

Blo bzang 'phrin las bstan pa rgya mtsho. See Kirti Rinpoche.

Blo bzang rta dbyangs: literature on grounds and paths by, 261, 267-268

• Ṣa lam gyi rnam bzhag zab don rgya mtsho'i snying po, 263-265

Blo bzang ye shes dpal bzang, 413. See also Paṇ chen Lama, second.

Blo gsal dgyes pa'i rol mo, of Zhwa nag karma pa, 476

Blo gros rin chen seng ge, 212n

Blo gsal gling, college at ’Bras spungs, 205-206

Blo gter dbang po, 195

Blondeau, Anne-Marie, 156, 161n, 162n, 302

Blon po bka' thang, 154

blo sbyong: as distinct from lam rim, 240

• in relation to gdams ngag, 276
• Tibetan compound analyzed, 245. See also mental purification.

Blo sbyong brgya rtsa, 280

Blo sbyong glegs bam, 245

Blo sbyong mtshon cha 'khor lo. See Wheel Weapon Mental Purification.

Blue Annals. See Ḍeb gter/ther sngon po, ’Gos lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal.

Bodhanath: considered as reincarnation, 295

• mchod rten at, 508
• sacredness of, 293

bodhicitta: as principal topic of Blo sbyong don bdun ma, 250

• generation of induced by consecrated receptacles, 295

bodhicittotpāda, 248

Bodhidharma, 223n

bodhisattva: compared with peacock, 251

• grounds and paths of, 261-262, 265, 267
• GZhon nu zla med as, 416
• guru as, 60
• path of, as set forth in bstan rims, 229-241
• path of, in Śāntideva's Bodhicaryāvatāra, 247
• ten grounds of, 264-265. See also practitioners, three types of.

bodhisattvapiṭaka, notions of as canon, 87n

Bo dong Paṇ chen: handbook on painting, 476

• lam rims of, 240
• ornate poetry of, 400

Bon/Bon pos: and gter ma, 139, 148, 152

• and non-Buddhist religious literature, 16
• and pre-Buddhist religion, 138
• and rDzogs chen , 142
• as "fifth" Buddhist tradition, 35n
• as objects of Buddhist polemics, 218
• bKa' 'gyur of, 138-145
• canon of, as modeled on Buddhist canon, 79
• catalogues of canon of, 140-141, 143, 503
• commentaries on poetics by, 397
• decline of culture of, 143
• question of indigenous status of, 34n
• references to in Blo sbyong mtshon cha 'khor lo, 251
• relation to Buddhism, 139
• texts on grounds and paths of, 262
• triumph of Buddhism over in Ge sar epic, 363

books, Tibetan, 500-501

Brag dgon zhabs drung dKon mchog bstan pa rab rgyas,[page 524] 485

Brag phug dGe bshes, 294, 297, 304n, 305n

’Bras spungs, 205, 211n

’Bri gung skyob pa 'Jig rten gsum mgon, 278

’Brog mi lo tsā ba Śākya Ye shes, 220, 277

Broido, Michael, 117-118

’Brom ston rGyal ba'i 'byung gnas: and BKa' gdams pa lineage, 277

• disciple of Atiśa, 246, 249, 251

brtan zhug: as precursor to zhabs brtan, 350-351

• sudden popularity of, 351-352. See also zhabs brtan.

Brṭan zhugs śloka gcig, of First Paṇ chen Lama, 350-351

brTen 'gyur, Bon po, 140

• significance of gter ma in, 148, 162n
• spelling of, 144n

’Brug mo, character in Ge sar epic, 360, 363-364

’Brug pa bKa' brgyud order, 278

’Brug pa kun legs, songs of, 370-373

’Brug pa Pad ma dkar po, 355n, 380-381

• classification of works of, 24. See also Padma dkar po.

BSam yas, 155

• debate at, 107n
• debate evoked by RJe btsun pa, 219. See also Hva shang, Kamalaśīla.

bsdus grwa: as prefigured by bsdus pa, 190-192

• as term for native texts on Pramāṇa, 188
• importance of in Indo-Tibetan relationship, 195-196
• in ’Jam dgyangs bzhad pa'i rdo rje's works, 193-194
• in the narrow sense, "ontology," 188
• of Sa skya pas, 194-195
• origin of term, 187, 196n
• stages of, 188-189

bsdus pa, as prefiguring bsdus grwa, 190-192

Bsḍus pa rigs sgrub, 191

BSe tshang Blo bzang dpal ldan, 397

bShad rgyud , division of RGyud bzhi, 464

BSod nams chos 'phel: authorization of DGa' ldan pho brang code, 448

• lineage of, according to law codes, 454n

BSod nams grags pa, 134, 197n, 238-239. See also Paṇ chen bSod nams grags pa.

BSod nams 'od zer: hagiography of U rgyan pa by, 43

• SNar thang bKa' 'gyur and, 75

BSod nams rgya mtsho. See Dalai Lama, third.

BSod nams rtse mo, 238

• Chos la 'jug pa'i sgo, 46
• RGyud sde spyi'i rnam gzhag, 236

BsTan 'dzin chos rgyal, 440

BsTan 'dzin rnam dag, 152

bsTan 'gyur: and classification of literature, 19

• and commentaries, 113-114
• and rules for translation, 422
• as based on Zhwa lu edition, 114
• as consisting in śāstras, 127
• Bu ston and, 22, 75, 78, 472
• classification of, 22-23
• compared with Lḍan kar ma, 73, 114, 121n
• editions of, 91n
• first mention of, 51n
• first SNar thang edition of, 75, 78, 114
• iconometric works in, 473
• medical texts in, 461
• Peking edition of, 22-23, 114
• sādhanas in, 333, 339n
• SDe dge edition of, 114, 120
• second phase of production of, 78-80
• sources for consecration in, 299
• texts on mchod rtens in, 511n. See also bKa' 'gyur, canon.

BsTan pa rab rgyas, 255n

Bsṭan pa rgyas pa, BCom ral's classification of treatises, 75

Bṭsan po bsdus grwa, 192-193

BTsan po No mon han sprul sku 'Jam dpal chos kyi bstan 'dzin 'phrin las, 491-492, 494n

bsTan rim: as distinct from other Mahāyāna mauals, 240

• as related to lam rim, 229-230
• short for bstan pa'i rim pa, 229
• sketchy knowledge of, 241. See also Gro lung pa Blo gros 'byung gnas, Stages of the Doctrine.

Bṭsun mo'i bka' thang, important source for glu, 370

Buddha: consecrated receptacle as emanation of, 294-295

• enlightenment of, as reinterpreted in tantras, 102
• episodes of life of in Rṇga yul chos grwa chen po..., 506
• ground of, 265
• iconometry of images of, 473-475
• images of as Body Receptacle, 504
• images of, as focusing offerings, 313
• in consecration, 304n
• life of, as myth, 66
• life of, in early Tibetan religious histories, 46
• oneself imagined as, 334
• relics of, 508
• sūtras attributed to, 112
• tantras attributed to, 102, 332
• utterances of, as canonical, 70. See also buddhavacana, Śākyamuni.

buddha-forms. See deities.

Buddhaghosa, 246, 253n

Buddhaguhya, Dharmamaṇḍala Sūtra, 475

Buddhagupta, 492, 493n

buddhahood, as principal aim of sādhanas, 334

Buddha Kāśyapa, relics of, 508

Buddhapālita, in Tsong kha pa's lineage, 220

buddhas, infinite numbers of, 346

buddhavacana: and Mahāyāna, 127

• as indicated by "sūtra," 115
• Buddhist ideas[page 525] of authenticity and, 71
• spoken by persons other than Buddha, 153
• Treasure texts as, 149
• Tripiṭaka and, 127

buddhi, Skt. equivalent of Tib. blo, 245

Buddhism: as source of shamanic power in Ge sar epic, 363

• Chinese, as based in sūtras, 128
• conversion of Ge sar's opponents to, 360-361
• Indian, as legitimating Treasure tradition, 152-154
• Indian, division into four schools, 176
• legal texts of Empire based in, 443
• legends of as based in Bon po legends, 163n
• Mahāyāna and buddhavacana, 127
• oral transmission of, 14
• popularization of through songs, 73-374
• Tibetan, as based in śāstras, 128
• triumph of in Ge sar epic, 363

Buddhist texts, Indian, Tibetan translations of, 72-86

Bu ston [Rin chen grub, Rin po che], 125, 134, 140, 154

• and edition of bsTan 'gyur, 22, 114
• and SNar thang bsTan 'gyur, 75, 78
• and standardization of iconography, 471-472, 474
• as editor of Them spangs ma manuscript, 80-81
• biography of, 478
• Chos 'byung of influenced by Lḍan kar ma, 503
• classification of works of, 23-24, 133-134
• references to earlier works of, 46
• work on bKa' 'gyur at Zha lu by, 78-79

Bya chos rin chen 'phreng ba, 254n

Byā ka ra ṇa rtsa ba'i ślo ka sum cu pa zhes bya ba. See Ṣum cu pa.

[Bya] mChad kha ba, 248

• Blo sbyong don bdun ma, 249-250

Byams chen chos rje, 211n

Byams chen rab 'byams pa, 195

Byang chub dpal, 194

Byang chub rgyal mtshan, law code attributed to, 445

Byang ji ston pa Shes rab 'bum, unavailability of work of, 44

Byang rtse, college at DGa' ldan, 198n, 205

Byangs pa, physician, 460

Byes, college at Se ra, 205, 206

• curriculum of, 207

Cakrasaṃvara (deity), 128, 340n

Cakrasaṃvara ṭantra, 60

campū, GZhon nu zla med as, 417

Cānda UṆādi Sūtra, 431

Candrakīrti, 133, 176, 179

• cited by ’Jam dbyangs bzhad pa, 212n
• disputation of interpretations of, 217-226
• in Tsong kha pa's vision, 220
• Madhyamakāvatāra, 125, 129, 130, 263
• Madhyamakāvatāra in monastic curriculum, 202, 207-211
• Madhyamakāvatāra on two truths, 298
• Madhyamakāvatāra as source for mental purification texts, 247
• not a "Great Mādhyamika," 218
• Pradīpodyotana, 224n
• Prasannapadā in ’Jam dbyangs bzhad pa's manual, 209-211
• Re mda' ba's adherence to, 282

Candranadana, medical commentaries by, 461, 463, 466

Cāndra Varṇa Sūtra, 431

Cāndra-​vyākaraṇa, 422-434

canon: as buddhavacana, 126

• Bon po, 138-145
• Buddhist, distinguished from Abrahamic, 126
• Buddhist, problems in characterizing, 70-72, 87n
• defined, 126-127
• hierarchy of texts of, 127
• idea of, 70
• Mahāyāna, non-existence of, 73
• Mahāyāna, openness of, 126
• Tibetan, as providing models for all genres, 394
• Tibetan, Daṇḍin in recensions of, 396-397
• Tibetan, Kṣemendra in, 401
• Tibetan, openness of, 83
• Pāli, 71
• Tibetan, SDe dge edition as most complete, 394
• Tibetan, sections of devoted to poetry and dramas, 412. See also bKa' 'gyur, bsTan 'gyur, Tripiṭaka.

canon specialists (piṭakadhara), gathering at SNar thang, 75

Cāraka Saṃhitā, 461

caryāgīti, and Tibetan poetry, 373

case-endings, Tibetan classification on Sanskrit models, 427-428, 433n

caste, significance of in lives of siddhas, 62-63

Caturaśitisiddhapravṛtti, of Abhayadatta, 58

Caturyoginī Tantra, 299

Cauraṅgi/Caturaṅgi, growth of legend of, 65-66

Cech, Krystyna, 440

Cennini, Cennino, 475

Cewang Arabten, Chinese view that GZhon nu zla med is based on, 420n

Chab spel Tshe brtan phun tshogs, anti-DGe lugs pa poem by, 405n

Chag Chos rje dpal, 494n

Chag lo tsā ba Chos rje dpal, cited by Bu ston, 46

Ch'an: and symbolism of Hva shang's shoe, 223n

• as reintroduced via Treasure texts, 154

China/Chinese: Ge sar in, 360

• influence of, 14-15
• influence on formation of canon, 74, 76
• influence on medicine, 465-467
• influence on Treasure tradition,[page 526] 153-154
• printing technology adopted from, 81
• relations with, 45
• Tibetan translations from, 73, 394

China (People's Republic), "Save the Gesar Epic" campaign in, 358

Chinese press, accounts of GZhon nu zla med in, 420n

cho ga. See ritual.

chos 'byung ("Origin of Buddhism" texts), 46-47

• of Bu ston, 133, 472. See also Bu ston.

Chos grub. See Facheng.

chos khrims, as buddhavacana, 453n

Chos la 'jug pa'i sgo (of BSod nams rtse mo), as earliest chos 'byung, 46

Chos rje 'Byor ldan grags pa, 495n

Chos rje mThong ba don ldan, copy of SNar thang bsTan 'gyur by, 76

Chos rje Rang byung pa, copy of SNar thang bsTan 'gyur by, 76

Chos rnam rgyal, 195

Chos rnam rgyal gi bsdus grwa, 195

Chu bzang bla ma Ye shes rgya mtsho, 197n

Chu mig pa, 191

citta (Skt./Pali): as virtually synonymous with buddhi, 245

• in Highest Yoga Tantra, 101

Cittamātra (Sems tsam), 174, 180

• commentaries in division of canon, 114
• representations of in doxography, 175-176. See also Yogācāra.

cittapariśuddhi, Skt. compound analogous to Tib. blo sbyong, 245

classification: and concept of genre, 21

• Indian traditions of, 22
• Tibetan criteria for, 21. See also genre, typology.

Clifford, Terry, 458

codes, legal, 441-452

cognition, valid and invalid, 189-190, 209-211

cognitive behavioral psychology, compared with mental purification literature, 252

collected works (gsung 'bum): and classification of literature, 19

• and Tibetan criteria for classification, 23-26
• dkar chag and, 500, 502-503
• sādhanas in, 339n

college, role within monastic university, 206

Collingwood, R. G., 44-45

color terms, as indicative of Mongol influence, 45

commentaries: Bu ston's classification of, 133-134

• classification of, 114
• in relation to sūtras, 112-113
• of annotations (mchan 'grel), 134
• on difficult points (dka' 'grel), 134
• origin of, 112-113
• philosophical, question of genre, 130
• question of authorship of, 119
• significance of, 120-121
• Tibetan, as sub-subcommentaries, 128
• Tibetan, in relation to Indian norms, 133-134
• Tibetan authors of, 122n
• Tibetan translations of, 113, 119. See also: śāstras, commentaries on
• sūtras, commentaries on.

common sense, limitations of in explanation, 64

communism, as "ruinous view," 222n

comparative process, and concept of literature, 20

Complete Enjoyment Body (saṃbhogakāya), 265

completion stage, of Kālacakra sādhana, 337, 341n

Co ne ba Grags pa bshad sgrub, 173

consciousness, types of in texts on grounds and paths, 267-269

consecrate, interchanged with "establish," 295-297

consecrated objects, classification of, 290-291, 303n. See also receptacles.

consecrations: as bridging "official" and "popular" religion, 303

• as establishing something which cannot be established, 295-299
• as special application of sādhana, 291
• core of, 291-294
• impossibility of in terms of ultimate truth, 296
• Indian and Tibetan works on, 299-300
• necessity of, 298-299
• ritual images for, 476-477
• structure of ritual, 291
• value in terms of conventional truth, 296-297

conventional valid cognition, critique of DGe lugs pa position on, 212n

Conze, Edward, 116

Corless, Roger, 126

cosmology: as represented by maṇḍalas, 334

• Indian, in ritual offerings, 321-322

Creeley, Robert, 385

critical analyses (mtha' dpyod), 134

Csoma de Körös, Alexander, 11

• on Tibetan medicine, 458

cultural sciences (rig gnas): as "genres," 18

• difficulty of dividing into secular and religious, 29

cumulative, reading of doxographies as, 181

curriculum, monastic, 129-130, 187-198

• Ngag dbang 'phrin las's classification of, 193

Dad pa mkhan po, 305n

Dagyab, Loden Sherap, 303n[page 527]

Dākārṇava Tantra, 297, 299

Ḍākas, realm of, 61, 68n

Ḍākinī language, of Treasure texts, 150

Ḍākinīs, as represented in Treasure texts, 158

Dalai Lama, fifth, 225n, 226n, 348, 355n

• and Kāvyādarśa, 404, 419n
• as poet, 401-402
• biography of as source for art history, 478
• brtan zhugs of, 350
• declaration that Dalai Lamas are manifestations of Avalokiteśvara, 352
• law codes of, 448-449
• printing of Them spangs ma bKa' 'gyur under, 81
• sādhanas of, 340n
• Ṣhel dkar me long, 501
• snyan ngag of, 375
• study of poetics, 413-414
• visions of as guide to iconography, 471

Dalai Lama, first. See DGe 'dun grub.

Dalai Lama, fourteenth, 203, 279, 347

• flight to India, 12
• Kālacakra sādhana, 335-337, 338n, 339n, 341n
• on tantra, 335
• zhabs brtan recited to, 352, 355n

Dalai Lama, fourth, 403-404

Dalai Lama, second, 173

Dalai Lama, sixth, 386

• songs of, 370
• as understood through his songs, 381-382

Dalai Lama, third, 222, 404

Dalai Lama, thirteenth, 194, 206, 222n

Dalai Lamas: considered as manifestations of Avalokiteśvara, 348, 352

• law codes of, 445
• lineage of, in law codes, 454n

dam tshig sems dpa', 293-294, 297

Daṇḍin: as Vaiṣṇava, 418n

• Kāvyādarśa and GZhon nu zla med, 416-417
• Kāvyādarśa as source for Sanskrit aesthetic theories, 375, 388n
• Kāvyādarśa, influence on Sa skya Paṇḍita, 412, 413, 418n
• Kāvyādarśa, influence on Tibet, 393-405
• Sa skya Paṇḍita's discussion of, 21. See also Kāvyādarśa, Sa skya Paṇḍita.

’Dan ma, character in Ge sar epic, 365.

Dante Alighieri, 384

Ḍar dkar gsal ba'i me long, recovery of by Atiśa, 48

’Dar lo tsā ba mGag dbang phun tshogs lhun grub, translation of Sanskrit grammars by, 405n

Daśabhūmika, and grounds of Mahāyāna, 263

David-Neel, Alexandra, 303n

• and popularization of Ge sar, 359

DBal mang dKon mchog rgyal mtshan, 402

DBang phyug nag po'i rgyud, mentioned in RGyud bzhi, 463

DBang phyug tshul khrims 'bar, 77

DBu ma chen mo (of ’Jam dbyangs bzhad pa), 208-211

dBu ma chen po , 281. See also Great Mādhyamikas.

DBu ma lta khrid, 282

DBus pa Blo gsal, 75-76

DBus pa dMar ston chos rgyal, account of Rāmāyaṇa by, 413

DByangs can dga' ba'i blo gros, 197n

DByangs can grub pa'i rdo rje, 304n

death, "feigning" of by buddhas, 353-354, 356n

debate: as pedagogical tool, 176

• aspects of, 209
• in logic courses, 189-190

debate manual orthodoxy, 206

debate manuals (yig cha): as sub-subcommentaries on Indian śāstras, 202

• Mādhyamika, 207-211
• of Sa skya pas, 211n
• relation to oral tradition, 203
• place in monastic curriculum, 203
• value of, 202

deb gter/ther, as Mongol loan word, 44

Ḍeb gter/ther dmar po ("Red Book"): as earliest attempt at global history, 44

• incompleteness of, 45

Ḍeb gter/ther sngon po ("Blue Annals"), dependence on Tshal pa, 45. See also Ḍeb ther sngon po.

Ḍeb ther dkar po ("White Annals"), of DGe 'dun chos 'phel, 40, 45

Ḍeb ther dmar po gsar ma, dependence on Tshal pa, 45

Ḍeb ther khra po ("Multicolored Book"), 45

Ḍeb ther rgya mtsho, 502

Ḍeb ther sngon po ("Blue Annals"), account of SNar thang bKa' 'gyur in, 74-76

• on SGam po pa, 232. See also Ḍeb gter/ther sngon po.

dedication, at end of dkar chag, 509

deities: as recipients of offerings, 316-326

• in consecration, 291-292
• maṇḍala as realm of, 321
• non-Buddhist, in tantras, 100-101
• of Mahāyoga, 157-158
• oneself imagined as, 323, 332, 334-335
• presence of for "solitary" meditators, 319
• significance of in tantras, 99
• sketchy descriptions of in sādhanas, 333
• visualization of, 334

deity, as inadequate translation of lha or deva, 304n

deity yoga, 331-41

• and iconography, 333
• manuals of, 339n

Delehaye, Hippolyte, 65

Demiéville, Paul, 223n

descriptive, catalogues of canon as, 74

Des dmar dGe bshes bsTan 'dzin phun tshogs, 476, 480n

Desideri, Ippolito, 11[page 528]

Devanagari, and Tibetan script, 13

devatā yoga. See deity yoga.

DGa' ldan, 205, 211n

DGa' ldan pho brang Law Code of Thirteen Sections, 448-451

DGa' ldan pho brang Law Code of Twelve Sections, 441, 448-451

DGe ba rgyal mtshan, 195

dge bshes: as culminating degree of monastic curriculum, 188

• examinations for, 207
• political importance of degree, 205-206

DGe dga' bla ma, 476

DGe 'dun (painter), on iconometry, 474

DGe 'dun chos 'phel, 225n

• Ḍeb ther dkar po, 40, 45
• first complete Tibetan version of Rāmāyaṇa by, 399
• RGya gar gyi gnas chen khag la bros pa'i lam yig, 493n
• study of Tibetan historical documents by, 40. See also A mdo dGe 'dun chos 'phel.

DGe 'dun grub (First Dalai Lama): commentary on Blo sbyong don bdun ma by, 249

• establishment of BKra shis lhun po by, 212n
• poet, 401

DGe 'dun rgya mtsho. See Dalai Lama, second.

DGe ldan legs bshad gling, founding of monastery of, 506-507

DGe lugs pas, 180

• acts of, according to law codes, 454n
• and literature on grounds and paths, 263
• and Mar pa bKa' brgyud teachings, 278
• and mental purification texts, 247, 249, 252, 254n11
• and transmission of Shangs pa teachings, 279
• and Tsong kha pa's Ḷam rim nyams mgur ma, 379
• as following Fifth Dalai Lama's poetics, 419n
• as major school without link to India, 220
• as New bKa' gdams school, 277
• centrality of in American Tibetology, 33
• curriculum of, 129, 187-198, 203, 206-207
• importance of Phya pa's bsdus grwa for, 192
• important deities for, 333
• laws during dominance of, 448-451
• no early mention of zhabs brtan by, 350
• relics of saints of, 508
• rise and dominance of, 143, 204, 222
• rivalries with BKa' brgyud pas, Sa skya pas, 404, 405n
• views on Hva shang, 219
• views on RNying ma pa, 225n

dgos 'brel, "purpose-connection," 117

Dhammapada, 246

dhāraṇīs: as receptacles of Buddha's speech, 291

• enclosed in mchod rtens, 507-508

Dharma: as principal division of canon, 70

• practice of by siddhas, 59. See also bKa' 'gyur, bsTan 'gyur, buddhavacana, Buddhism, canon, sūtras.

Dharma Body (dharmakāya): as aspect of ye shes sems dpa', 294

• as result of tantric practice, 61
• paradox of in consecration, 295

Dharmakīrti, 175, 192

• on logic, 189
• Pramāṇavārttika, 125, 128-129, 130-131, 202, 207

Dharmakīrtiśrī, 119

Dharmakośa, translation of medical text by, 466

Dharmamitra, 119

Dharmarakṣita, Blo sbyong mtshon cha 'khor lo attributed to, 251, 255n

Dharmasala, Nepali physician, 466

Dharma seng ge, manuscript edition of Vinaya by, 77

Dharmaśrī. See Lo chen Chos dpal.

Dharmodgata, 506

dhyānapāramitā, eighth chapter of Bodhicaryāvatāra on, 247-248

dialectics, study of, 187-198. See also bsdus grwa.

Dickinson, Emily, 384

Dīgha Nikāya, 344-345

Dignāga, 119, 175

• as "Great Mādhyamika," 218

Dilgo Khyentse Rinpoche. See Dil mgo mKhyen brtse Rin po che.

Dil mgo mKhyen brtse Rin po che: as modern composer of mgur, 374

• as gter ston , 148

discourses, as translation of sūtra (Buddhist and Jain), 112

divination (mo): references to in Blo sbyong mtshon cha 'khor lo, 251

• songs of in Ge sar epic, 364

dkar chag: and Tibetan criteria of classification, 23-26

• as bibliographies of Buddhist teachings, 503
• as genre, 501
• compared with similar genres, 505, 511n
• defined, 504-505
• etymology of, 505, 511n
• for Three Receptacles, 504
• guides as source for art history, 478
• idea of, 501
• of Kirti Rinpoche, 507

DKon mchog bstan pa rab rgyas, 495n

DKon mchog 'jigs med dbang po, 173-176, 179, 267, 399, 405n

• Ṣa lam gyi rnam bzhag theg gsum mdzes rgyan, 263-264, 268

DKon mchog rin chen, as candidate for Third Dalai Lama, 404

DMar ston Chos kyi rgyal po, adaptation of Rāmāyaṇa by, 397[page 529]

dMyal gling, episode of Ge sar epic, 360

DNgul chu Dharmabhadra, Ṣi tu'i zhal lung, 423-424, 431

Dṇgul dkar me long, of Bo dong Paṇ chen, 400

dngos po, as Tib. equivalent of Skt. bhāva, 431

doctrine of the three natures, in Cittamātra, 178

doctrine of the two truths, in Madhyamaka, 178. See also two truths.

dohā: and Tibetan poetry, 373

• of Saraha, 234-235
• question of Saraha's authorship of, 63
• rendered by Tib. nyams mgur, 388n

Dol pa, 233

Ḍombipa (siddha), 61

Don grub rgyal, study of mgur, 374, 377, 387n

Don grub rgyal mtshan, 241n, 242n

Donne, John, 384

Don yod rdo rje, 226n

Dowman, Keith, 58-59

doxography (*siddhāntavyavasthāpana, grub mtha'i rnam bzhag), 170

• and classification of gdams ngag, 276
• as soteriological, 170-171, 177, 180
• example of, 174
• importance of, 172
• in relation to debate manuals, 202

DPa' bo gTsug lag phreng ba, 372

• chronicles of, 41, 43
• dependence on Tshal pa, 45
• MKhas pa'i dga' ston, 477

DPa' bo srid pa gzhon nu, character in GZhon nu zla med, 415-416

DPal brtsegs rakṣita, 120

DPang Lo tsā ba Blo gros brtan pa, 402

• and study of poetics, 413, 418n
• and transmission of Kāvyādarśa, 396, 397

dpe cha ("books"), 500

DPon chen Shākya bzang po, 413

Dran pa Nam mkha', 163n

Drung chen sMon lam rdo rje, 51n

Du dben sha pa, 76

Dudjom Rinpoche (’Dud 'joms Rinpoche). See BDud 'joms Rin po che.

'Dul ba, as corresponding with "Hīnayāna," 79. See also Vinaya.

’Dul 'dzin Grags pa rgyal mtshan, 292

Dung dkar Blo bzang 'phrin las, 241n

• as editor of Ḍeb gter/ther dmar po, 45
• commentary on Kāvyādarśa, 397

Dunhuang: early witnesses of indigenous Tibetan writing from, 394

• glu preserved in texts from, 370, 387n
• historical documents discovered at, 39
• legal texts from, 443
• Old Tibetan sources from, 511n
• sūtra collections from, 83

Dus gsum mKhyen pa, and four great BKa' brgyud orders, 278

Dwags po bKa' brgyud school, 233

Dwags po lha rje sGam po pa bSod nams rin chen. See SGam po pa.

’Ḍzam gling chen po'i rgyas bshad snod bcud kun gsal me long, 491-492

Dza sag lHa smon Ye shes tshul khrims, adaptation of Mahābhārata by, 399

Eckel, Malcolm, 120, 305n

Eclectic (Ris med) Movement, 249, 279, 280

• use of Ge sar epic by, 366n

egocentricity, as root of suffering, 251

Ehrhard, Franz-Karl, 162n

eight great conveyances, 277-280

Eimer, Helmut, 47, 80, 82, 86n

Ekajaṭā, in Kalāpāvatāra, 489

Ekavyavahārika, 184n

Ekvall, Robert, 315

Eliade, Mircea, 68n

Eliot, T. S., 384

Ellingson, Terry Jay, 370, 372, 387n, 387n, 440

Emanation Body (nirmāṇakāya), 265

• receptacle as, 294

Empire: dissolution of, 41

• legal codes from period of, 442-444

emptiness: as metaphysical basis for offering rituals, 317

• in "Text of the Hundred and Eight Guidebooks," 282-283
• views on, as represented in polemics, 221-222

epic, as translation of sgrung, 358

epic bards, as translation of sgrung mkhan, 358. See also oral tradition.

epistemology (blo rigs), as subject in curriculum, 188-189

equality of oneself and others, in Bodhicaryāvatāra, 247-248

Erasmus, Desiderius, 252

esoteric, 252

• texts referred to as tantras, 96. See also tantra, Tantrayāna.

esoteric language. See sandhābhāṣā.

esotericism, degrees of in gdams ngag and man ngag, 275, 284n

establish, as equivalent with "consecrate," 295-297

exchanging oneself and others: in Bodhicaryāvatāra, 247-248

• in Blo sbyong don bdun ma, 250

exegesis, presuppositions of, 131

exoteric, 252. See also sūtras, Sūtrayāna.

experience, idea of in Western and Tibetan poetry, 384-385

explanation, as Western academic aim, 63-64[page 530]

Facheng, 473

family chronicles, as quasi-historiographic documents, 41

family resemblances, and question of definition, 20

fire offering (homa), in consecration, 291, 302

five books, of DGe lugs pa curriculum, 187-188

Five Great Dhāraṇīs, 508

Five Heinous Crimes, in law codes, 454n

Five ruinations, 222n

folk homiletic tradition, as basis for earliest mental purification texts, 246-247, 254n. See also oral tradition, vernacular.

Form Body (rūpakāya), 334

• as aspect of ye shes sems dpa', 294-295

Formula Collection ( gZung 'dus ), as division of bKa' 'gyur, 97

Foucault, Michel, "technologies of the self," 284n

Four Noble Truths, in Vaibhāṣika and Sautrāntika, 178

four reliances (rten pa bzhi), 126

four schools, 176

four sons of Rong-pa, 240

frame stories, and ritual, 291, 304n

from form to omniscience, significance of phrase, 221, 224n

Galenos, Persian physician, 465-466

garuḍa, conflation of with peacock, 255n

Gayādhara, translator of tantras, 98

gcod, and mental purification texts, 252

GCod yul , gdams ngag of, 279

gdams ngag: and dogmatic system-building, 281

• as Buddhadharma, 276
• classification of, 276-280
• compared with man ngag, 275, 284n
• myriad of as pharmacopeia, 281
• proliferation of, 280-281
• traditions of, 277-280

Gḍams ngag mdzod, 280. See also ’Jam mgon kong sprul Blo gros mtha' yas.

gender, grammatical, 427, 433n

general significance (spyi don), 134

generation process (utpatti), 291

generation stage, Kālacakra sādhana, 337, 341n

Gengis Khan, 445

genre: as organizing principle for Treasure texts, 158

• criteria for differences in, 130-133
• implicit Tibetan conception of, 28-29
• limits of Western concept, 18-21
• philosophical commentaries as, 130-133
• possible Tibetan equivalents, 21
• Tibetan delineation of as based on subject-matter, 28

genre analysis, applications to Tibetan commentaries, 125

Ge sar: as Buddhist hero, 360-361, 363, 366

• as representative of Padmasambhava, 366
• epic of, and epic bards, 358
• Gling tshang version of epic of, 361, 363, 364, 366n
• historicity of, 358
• main episodes of epic of, 359-361
• no standard text of epic of, 361
• version edited by Mi pham, 366n

Ghaṇṭapāda (siddha), 59

Ginsberg, Allen, on BKa' brgyud pa poets, 385-386

Glang dar ma, period following assassination of, 43, 74, 107n

Glang ri Thang pa, 249

glegs bam, 500

GlingGe sarrgyal po, 358. See also Ge sar.

Gling Rin po che, 339n, 355n

Gling rje ras pa Padma rdo rje, 278

Glo bo mKhan chen bSod nams lhun grub, 195

glu: as earliest poetic tradition, 369

• as immune to influence of snyan ngag, 375
• origins of in ritual and music, 370
• rhythms of, 371. See also poetry.

GNas brtan lDang ma lhun rgyal, 162n

Gṇas brtan phyags mchod, ritual of supplication, 353

gnas bshad: as source for art history, 477

• interchangeable with dkar chag, 505

gnas yig, as interchangeable with dkar chag, 505

Goldstein, Melvyn, 204-206

Gómez, Luis, 120, 223n, 335, 340n

Go rams pa bSod nams seng ge, 195, 211n, 237-238

• commentary on Candrakīrti criticized by RJe btsun Chos kyi rgyal mtshan, 217-222

’Gos lhas btsas, 98

’Gos lo tsā ba gZhon nu dpal: Ḍeb gter/ther sngon po, 45

• on SGam po pa, 232
• on SNar thang bKa' 'gyur, 74-77. See also Ḍeb gter/ther sngon po.

Govinda, Anagarika, 62

Grags pa bshad sgrub, 208

Grags pa rgyal mtshan, 236, 302, 304n

• catalogue of tantras, 77

grammar, Sanskrit, influence on Tibetan grammar, 422-434

grammatical terminology, Sanskrit, untranslated, 423-424

great books, in monastic curriculum, 203

great individual, Mahāyāna, in lam rim, 229

Great Mādhyamikas, 218. See also dBu ma chen po.[page 531]

Great Vehicle, 177-178. See also Mahāyāna.

Greeks, influence of on medicine, 465-467

Gri gum btsan po, 152

• persecution of Bon by, 139

’Gro ba mgon po Nam mkha' dpal, 162n

Gro lung pa Blo gros 'byung gnas, 196n, 230, 232, 237

• Bḍe bar gshegs pa'i bstan pa rin po che la 'jug pa'i lam gyi rim pa rnam par bshad pa, 231
• Bsṭan rim chen mo, 230-231, 238, 246
• in relation to SGam po pa, 233
• work of valued by Tsong kha pa, 230

Gro ston bDud rtsi grags, 282

• Ḷam mchog, 240

grounds: as consciousness, 267-269

• as metaphors, 266-69
• as method (upāya), 267-268
• as synonymous with "path," "vehicle," 269
• imagination and, 266

Grub chen bu ddha gu pta'i rnam thar rje btsun nyid zhal nas gzhan du rang rtog gi dri mas ma spags pa'i yi ge yang dag pa (of Tāranātha), 493n

Gru gu'i go rdzong, episode of Ge sar epic, 361

Grub mtha' chen mo (of ’Jam dbyangs bzhad pa), 128

Grub pa'i gnas chen po shambha la'i rnam bshad 'phags yul gyi rtogs brjod dang bcas pa ngo mtshar bye ba'i 'byung gnas zhes bya ba. See Paṇ chen Blo bzang dpal ldan ye shes, Ṣhamba la'i lam yig of.

Grub thob brgyad bcu tsa bzhi'i lo rgyus (Tib. translation of Caturaśitisiddhapravṛtti), 58-67

Grünwedel, Albert, 58

Grva pa mngon shes, discovery of RGyud bzhi by, 461, 463, 467

GSal snang, SBa bzhed, 477

GSang phu tradition, curriculum of, 192-195

Gsar ma pa . See New Schools.

GSer khang pa Dam chos rnam rgyal, 192

GSer mdog Paṇ chen Shākya mchog ldan, 401

• motifs from Rāmāyaṇa in works of, 399

Gṣer phreng, 156

GShen chen Klu dga', Bon po gter ston, 140, 144n

GShen rab mi bo: as source of bKa' 'gyur for Bon pos, 138

• biography of, 141, 143
• gter ma attributed to, 149

gso ba rig pa ("science of medicine"), 460

Gṣo dpyad 'bum pa, 463

gsol ba. See supplication.

gsung 'bum. See collected works.

GTer bdag gling pa, 304n, 305n

gter ma: and openness of canon, 126

• as dating to imperial period, 49
• of Bon pos, 139 140. See also Treasure texts.

gter ston, Bon po, 139, 140, 144n. See also Treasure Discoverers.

GTon pa gShen rab. See GShen rab mi bo.

gtor ma, in offerings, 326.

GTsang law code: as first modern code, 447-448

• as main influence on DGa' ldan pho brang codes, 449

GTsang nag pa brTson 'grus seng ge, 191

• unavailability of history by, 46

GTsang na Zhu ldan pa, 240

GTsang pa rGya ras, and ’Brug pa bKa' brgyud order, 278

GTsang smyon Heruka, 387n

Guenther, Herbert, 57, 232

Guhyasamāja (deity), 128, 340n, 341n

• importance of for DGe lugs pas, 333

Guhyasamāja Tantra, 224n

• as initiation, 60
• as oldest extant Anuttarayoga text, 338n
• importance of in Highest Yoga Tantra, 101

Guhyavajra, Kashmiri physician, 466

Guṇamati, 119

Guṇaprabha, Vinayasūtra and DGe lugs pa curriculum, 207

Gung thang dKon mchog btsan pa'i sgron me, 178, 402

• critical of translated Sanskrit grammars, 405n

Gur dkar, character in Ge sar epic, 360

guru (bla ma), 333

• instruction by, to siddhas, 60. See also spiritual master, teacher.

Guru bKra shis, 294

Guru Chos dbang, 153

• relics of, 508

gurusādhanas, as presented in Treasure texts, 157

guru yoga (bla ma'i rnal 'byor), manuals of, 322

Gushri Khan, 226n, 448, 454n

GYag ston Sangs rgyas dpal, 116, 194

Gyalzur, Losang Paldhen, 303n

gYar lung dynasty: and Tibetan written language, 13-14

• as represented in Treasure texts, 155-156

Gyatsho, Thubten Legshay, 303n

Gyatso, Janet, 150

Gyi jo lo tsā ba zla ba'i 'od zer, 279

GYu lag thog lce, character in Ge sar epic, 365

GYu thog, first, 460, 467n

GYu thog, second, medical lineage of, 460, 467

GZer mig, biography of GShen rab mi bo, 141

gzhan, question of grammatical term's relation[page 532] to Sanskrit models, 428-431

GZhan phan, 134

GZhon nu dpal. See ’Gos lo tsā ba gZnon nu dpal, Ḍeb gter/ther sngon po.

GZhon nu 'od, 253n

GZhon nu zla med, character in GZhon nu zla med kyi gtam rgyud, 414-416

GZhon nu zla med kyi gtam rgyud (of MDo mkhar zhabs): as novel, 411

• illustrative of kāvya style, 414
• plot synopsis of, 414-416

GZi brjid, biography of GShen rab mi bo, 141, 143

GZi kun spangs pa, copy of SNar thang bsTan 'gyur by, 76

hagiography: as bridging categories, 66

• as distinguished from biography, 65
• legends of siddhas as, 62, 65-67
• as source for art history, 477

Halashanti, Persian physician, 466

handbooks, iconographical, 475-477

Hang ti pa ta, Chinese physician, 466

Han Wang Hang, Chinese physician, 465

Hanuman, DPa' bo srid pa gZhon nu as, 416

Haribhadra, 115, 117

• Abhisamayālaṃkārāloka, 132

Ha shab bal la, Chinese physician, 466

Hayagrīva: importance of for RNying ma pas, 333

• Ge sar disguised as, 364

hearer. See śrāvaka.

Helffer, Mireille, 361

Herforth, D. D., 429-430

Hernadi, Paul, 20

Heruka, 341n

Heruka Cakrasaṃvara, importance of for BKa' brgyud pas, 333

Ḥeruka gal po, 299

Hevajra (deity), 340n

• importance of for Sa skya pas, 333

Hevajra Tantra: as emphasized in Lam 'bras bu dang bcas pa tradition, 277

• as initiation, 60
• iconographic details in, 471, 475, 476
• importance of in Highest Yoga Tantra, 101
• place in bsTan 'gyur, 89n

Highest Yoga Tantra (anuttarayogatantra), 323

• as favored by New Schools, 101-102

Hīnayāna, 174

• eight grounds of, 264-265
• three grounds of, 264
• five paths of, 265
• structure of in literature on grounds and paths, 269. See also Lesser Vehicle.

Hinduism: pūjā in, 314

• Sambhala in, 486-487
• triumph of Buddhism over in Ge sar epic, 363. See also deities, non-Buddhist
• Mahābhārata
• Rāmāyaṇa.

Hirakawa Akira, 338n

Hirsch, E. D., 125, 130, 132

historical writings: as escaping Indian influence, 40

• earliest, 39
• in relation to hagiography, 66
• in Treasure texts, 155-156
• legends of siddhas as, 61-63
• titles indicative of, 42
• transmission of, 41

historicity: of siddhas, 63

• in "horizontal dimension" of myth, 67
• of Ge sar, 358

Hopkins, Jeffrey, 338n

Hor btsun bsTan 'dzin blo gros, 144n

Hor gling g.yul 'gyed, episode of Ge sar epic, 360

Hsüan-tsang, 494n

Hume, David, influence on religious studies, 63-64

humors, medical theory of, 462, 465, 467n

Huparikar, G. S., 117

Hva shang, 154, 156, 217

• as source of wrong views, 219
• symbolism of shoe of, 217, 219, 223n. See also Kamalaśīla, BSam yas.

Hva shang Mahādeva, translation of medical text by, 466

iconography, literature on, 470-473

iconometry, literature on, 473-475

icons: as complement to sādhanas, 333

• Tantric, 334-335

imperial families, celestial origin of in "Royal Annals," 40

imperial period, relations during, 39

India: absence of zhabs brtan-type genre in, 350, 355n

• as Land of Superiors, 220
• influence of, 14-15, 40
• influence of aesthetics of, 411-419
• influence on grammar, 422-434
• influence on medicine, 461-467
• influence on offering rituals, 313-315
• influence on poetry, songs, 373-377
• influence on philosophical manuals, 188, 192, 195-196
• mythological motifs of in zhabs brtan, 347
• origin of ground/path literature in, 262
• Tibetan counterparts to literary genres of, 394
• translation of works of into Tibetan, 15, 70-74, passim.

indigenous traditions, alteration of under Indian influence, 15

Indrabhūti, 58

initiation: in lives of siddhas, 60

• tantric, 104

innovation, in consecrations, 300, 305n

inscriptions, as source for art history, 478

instruction, as translation of gdams ngag, 275

intentional language, as translation of[page 533] sandhābhāṣā, 106

interpretation, rules of, for sūtras, 112

Islam, threat of as factor in Sambhala myth, 487, 496n17

itinerary, spiritual as opposed to physical, 490-491

I-tsing, on offerings, 314

Jaggatatālar gnas pa, 119

’Jam dbyangs blo bzang bshes gnyen, 262

’Jam dbyangs blo gsal, 476

’Jam dbyangs blo gter dbang po, 333

’Jam dbyangs bzhad pa'i rdo rje ngag dbang brtson grus, 134, 172-173, 184n, 197n, 197n, 304n, 506

• and monastic curriculum, 193-194
• Collected Works of, 128-129
• establishment of BKra shis 'kyil, 212n
• Mādhyamika debate manuals of, 208-211
• on "world," 212n
• themes of avadānas in works of, 413

’Jam dbyangs mkhyen brtse'i dbang po, 249, 478-479

• Grub thob thugs tig, 162n. See also Khyentse Rinpoche.

’Jam dbyangs 'phrin las, 405n

’Jam dpal bshes gnyen, 304n

’Jam mgon 'Ju Mi pham rnam rgyal rgya mtsho. See Mi pham rnam rgyal rgya mtsho.

’Jam mgon kong sprul Blo gros mtha' yas, 249

• compiler of Gḍams ngag mdzod, 280
• literature on grounds and paths by, 262
• Ṣhes bya kun khyab, 479. See also Kong sprul Blo gros mtha' yas.

’Jam pa'i dbyangs, 76

'Jang gling g.yul 'gyed, episode of Ge sar epic, 360

jātakas, parallels with GZhon nu zla med kyi gtam rgyud, 416

Jaya Paṇḍita, 355n

Jayasena, translator, 98

’Jigs med gling pa, 135n, 340n

• Old Tantra catalogue by, 503
• on metallurgy, 476

’Jigs med grags pa, 480n

Jīvasūtra, 461

Jñānadatta, 119

jñānasattva. See ye shes sems dpa'.

John of the Cross, Saint, 384

Jo khang, Fifth Dalai Lama's dkar chag for, 501

Jo mo sMan mo, 163n

Jo nang khrid brgya dang brgyad, 280-281

Jo nang pas: and transmission of Shangs pa teachings, 279

• as included in BKa' brgyud, Sa skya, 404
• as political victims of polemics, 226n
• gdams ngag of, 280

Jo nang rje btsun Kun dga' grol mchog, 280

Jo nang Taranātha kun dga' snying po, themes of avadānas in works of, 413

’Ju Mi pham rgya mtsho. See Mi pham rNam rgyal rgya mtsho.

kādi, Sanskrit grammatical term, 427

Kaḥ thog Si tu Chos kyi rgya mtsho, 478-479

• Old Tantra catalogue by, 503
• pilgrimage record of, 511n

Kālacakra (deity), 340n

• oneself imagined as, 336
• sādhana, 335-337
• visualization of, 331-332, 335

Kālacakra literature, Sambhala in, 486-488, 492, 495n

Kālacakra Tantra, 279, 331

• iconometric theory in, 473-474
• on physiology and medicine, 460
• place in bsTan 'gyur, 89n
• relation to Kalāpāvatāra, 496n

Kalāpa, capital of Sambhala, 489-490

Kalāpāvatāra: as product of Newari Buddhism, 496n

• portion of based on Rāmāyaṇa, 496n
• Sambhala itinerary in, 486, 489-490, 495n
• "spiritual" itinerary of, 491

kāli, untranslated Sanskrit grammatical term, 423, 427

Kālidāsa, 375

Kalki, and myth of Sambhala, 486-487

kalkin, as Buddhist epithet, 487

Kalu Rinpoche Rang byung kun khyab, 279

kalyāṇamitra, as Sanskrit equivalent of dge bshes, 205

Kamalaśīla, 115-116, 119-120, 154, 156, 172, 217

• invoked as ally by RJe btsun pa, 219. See also Hva shang
• BSam yas, debate at.

Kambala (siddha), 58, 61

Kamparipa (siddha), 60, 62

Kanakamuni, in Kalāpāvatāra, 489

Kankaripa (siddha), 59

kārakas, influence on Tibetan grammatical works, 427-428, 433n

Karma bKa' brgyud pa, refuted by RJe btsun pa, 218, 222

Karma bstan skyong dbang po, 447

Karmapa, eighth. See Mi bskyod rdo rje.

Karmay, Samten, 42, 142, 161n, 163n, 223n, 302

karmayoga, 58

Kātantra Sūtra, 422-434

kāvya: as translated by Tib. snyan ngag, 412

• influence of on Tibetan poetry, 374-377
• inscriptions based on, 478
• translated as "belles-lettres," 411-414

Kāvyādarśa: as major source of Tibetan aesthetic theories, 375

• experimental writings[page 534] based in, 400
• influence on Tshe ring dbang rgyal's GZhon nu zla med, 416-417
• stages of transmission of, 396
• Tibetan translations, commentaries, 395-397. See also Daṇḍin.

Kawaguchi Ekai, 81

Kelsang, Jampa, 458

Kerouac, Jack, 385

Kha che g.yu rdzong, episode of Ge sar epic, 361, 364-365

Khaḍgapa (siddha), 60

Kha dog dkar dmar, 193

• stage in curriculum, 188-189

Khams, Ge sar epic in, 358

Khams chen, Bon po text, 143

Khams sprul bsTan 'dzin chos kyi nyi ma, 396, 414, 419n

• and Rāmāyaṇa, 399
• snyan ngag of, 375

Khaṇḍipa (siddha), 62

Khetsun Sangpo, 239

Khri byang rin po che, Blo bzang ye shes, 347-348, 355n

khrid yig, in relation to gdams ngag, 276

khrims, "moral rules or law," 439, 453n

Khri srong lde btsan, 152, 156, 162n

• and RGyud bzhi, 463
• as composer of mgur, 372
• edicts issued by, 41
• foreign physicians during time of, 465-466
• persecution of Bon by, 139
• stories of in Treasure texts, 155-156

Khro phu lo tsā ba Byams pa'i dpal, 46

Khro thung, character in Ge sar epic, 359-360, 364

'Khrungs gling, episode of Ge sar epic, 359, 364

Khu ston brTson 'grus g.yung drung, Ḷo rgyus chen mo, 42-43

Khyentse Rinpoche, 276. See also ’Jam dbyangs mkhyen brtse'i dbang po.

Khyung phrug Byams pa bkra shis, 208

Khyung po rnal 'byor Tshul khrims mgon po, and Shangs pa bKa' brgyud order, 278

Kirti Rinpoche, 506-507

Klong chen Rab 'byams pa Dri med 'od zer, 135n, 172

• anthology of mgur edited by, 386n
• mgur of, 373
• ornate poetry of, 400

Klong chen snying thig, 157

Klong rdol bla ma, 191, 197n, 254n

• on iconometry, 474-476

Klu btsan, character in Ge sar epic, 360

Kong sprul Blo gros mtha' yas, 144n, 148-149, 157, 304n

• eclectic approach of, 281. See also ’Jam mgon kong sprul Blo gros mtha' yas.

Kong ston dBang phyug grub, 195

Kṛṣṇa, translation of Kalāpāvatāra by, 489

Kṛṣṇācari (siddha), 58, 61

Kṛṣṇa-​Yamārī Tantra, 475

Kṣemendra: Avadānakalpalatā, 472

• Bodhisattvāvadānakalpalatā, 393-394, 401-402

Kucipa (siddha), 59

Kumāraśrībhadra, 119

Kun bzang dpal ldan, 253n

Kun dga' rin chen, biography of, 478

Kun dga' snying po, 304n

Kung ga gyal tsan, 445. See also Sa skya Paṇḍita Kun dga' rgyal mtshan.

Kungo Thubten Sangye, 454n

Kun grol grags pa, catalogue of Bon po canon by, 140-141, 143, 503

Kvaerne, Per, 141, 148, 161n

Kyal ma ruci, physician from Dol po, 466

Lag sor ba, 239

laity: and secular literature, 16

• prevalence of in stories of siddhas, 62

Lakṣmaṇa, DPa bo srid pa gZhon nu as, 416

Lakṣmīkara: and poetics, 413, 418n

• Tibetan translation of Kāvyādarśa by, 395-396
• translation of Kṣemendra by, 401

Lakṣmīṅkarā (siddha), 58

Lalou, Marcelle, 113

Lama Yongden, and popularization of Ge sar, 359

Lam 'bras bu dang bcas pa tradition, gdams ngag of, 277

lam rim: as distinct from other Mahāyāna manuals, 240

• distinguished from bstan rim, 229-230
• importance of spiritual master in, 346
• philosophical elaboration of, 281
• on tantra, 240. See also Stages of the Path, Tsong kha pa.

Ḷam rim chen mo. See Tsong kha pa

Ḷam rim nyams mgur ma, alternate title for Ḷam rim bsdus don, 379

lam yig: as genre, 492-493

• as source for art history, 477-478
• distinguished from dkar chag, 505, 511n
• "route description," 485-496

Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, 115

law: Chinese, contrasted with Tibetan, 440

• dichotomy between religious and royal, 453n
• difficulty in delineating texts regarding, 439
• sources of literature on, 439-440
• Tibetan, as largely indigenous, 438, 444, 451
• Western concept compared with Tibetan, 439

LCags po ri, first medical college, 460

LCang skya rol pa'i rdo rje, 173, 350

• Grub mtha' of, 224n
• literature on grounds and paths by, 262. See also Rol pa'i rdo rje.[page 535]

LCe btsun Seng ge dbang phyug, 162n

Lḍan dkar ma. See Lḍan (lḥan) Kar ma.

Lḍan (lḥan) Kar ma: and commentaries, 113-114

• as dkar chag, 503
• as prefiguring bKa' 'gyur and bsTan 'gyur, 73-74
• classification of tantras in, 108n

LDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho. See SDe srid Sangs rgyas rgya mtsho.

LDe'u Jo sras, chos 'byung of, 42, 46

Lesser Vehicle, 178

• pejorative sense of, 184n. See also Hīnayāna.

lha, 332. See also deity.

lha 'bums, Bu ston's descriptions of maṇḍalas, 472

LHa bzang Khan, Chinese view that GZhon nu zla med based on, 420n

LHa dgon, 163n

lHa gling, episode of Ge sar epic, 359, 363-364

LHa las phul byung, character in GZhon nu zla med, 415-416

LHa'i btsun pa Rin chen rnam rgyal, biography of Nāropa by, 57

Lhalungpa, Lobsang, 222n

Lhasa, Council of. See BSam yas, debate at. See also Kamalaśīla, Hva shang.

lineage, distinguished from sect, 276, 284n

literacy, extent of in Tibet, 14

literary criticism, lack of Tibetan, 403

literati, and status of Indian genres, 15

literature: Chinese view of, 18

• "ethnocentric fallacy" in definition of, 19-20
• implicit Tibetan notions of, 29
• uses and limits of Western concept, 16-17

Lo chen Chos dpal, 402

logic (rtags rigs): as subject in curriculum, 188-190

• rules of, in debate, 203-204
• study of, 187-198. See also bsdus grwa.

lokasaṃvṛti, Candrakīrti and ’Jam dbyangs bzhad pa on, 209-211. See also two truths.

Lokāyata, 174

Lokesh Chandra, 419n

longevity: of enlightened beings sought, 349-350

• of spiritual master sought, 347-349. See also zhabs brtan.

long-life deities (tshe lha), invocation of in zhabs brtan, 348

Lopez, Donald, 115

lo rgyus ("Records"), 42-43

Ḷo rgyus chen mo ("Grand Annals"), 42

Lo tsā ba mchog ldan legs pa'i blo gros dpung rgyan mdzes pa'i tog, 405n

Lowell, Robert, 384

Lower bKa' gdams pas, Rong pa'i bKa' brgyud pas as, 240

Ḷung du ston pa rtags kyi 'jug pa. See Rṭags kyi 'jug pa.

Ḷung du ston pa rtsa ba sum cu pa. See Ṣum cu pa.

Luo Runcang, 405n.

Lūyipa (siddha), significance of name of, 59

• sādhanas of, 339n

Ma cig Lab kyi sgron ma, and Zhi byed and Gcod teachings, 279

Mādhavanidāna, 461-462

Madhyamaka/Mādhyamika (dbu ma), 174, 177-178

• as division of curriculum, 187-188, 207
• as highest school, 179
• as presupposed by tantras, 103
• debate manuals of, 207-211
• in the Jo nang khrid brgya dang brgyad, 281-283
• Tibetan study of based in Indian texts, 188
• Tsong kha pa's difficulties with, 380. See also Prāsaṅgika, Svātantrika.

Madhyamakāvatāra. See Candrakīrti.

madhyamapuruṣa, 263

magic: and origins of tantras, 98

• songs of Ge sar epic as exercise of, 363

Mahābhārata: Sambhala in, 486

• Tibetan adaptations of, 399, 413
• too Hindu for adaptation to Buddhist framework, 418n

mahākāvya ("epic drama"), GZhon nu zla med as, 416

mahāmudrā: and poetic expression, 385

• philosophical elaboration of, 281

Mahāparinibbāna Sutta, presupposed by zhabs brtan literature, 344-345

mahāpuruṣa, 264

Mahāsaṃnipāta, as major sūtra collection, 72

Mahāsaṃvarodaya Tantra, iconometric theory in, 473-474. See also Saṃvarodaya Tantra.

mahāsiddha: as distinguished from siddha by Dowman, 59

• songs of, and Tibetan poetry, 373. See also siddha.

mahāsūtras, place of in Lḍan kar ma, 73

Mahāvairocanābhisambodhi, as principal Caryātantra text, 100

Mahāvibhāṣa, 175

Mahāvyutpatti: as multilingual glossary, 73

• as source for standardizing bKa' 'gyur, 78
• non-appearance of Blo sbyong in, 245
• on Tib. mchod pa, Skt. pūjā, 312

Mahāyāna: and doxography, 174

• and origins of tantras, 98
• as taught by mental purification texts, 248
• concept of Tathāgata's enlightenment in, 354n
• concept of Emanation Body in, 294
• grounds and paths of, 264-265
• importance of offerings in, 313, 320
• new emphasis on empathy in, 248
• path of as[page 536] set forth in bstan rim, 229-241
• production of new texts and, 71
• structure of in literature on grounds and paths, 269. See also bodhisattva, Great Vehicle.

Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra: as basis for bstan rim tradition, 236

• on classification of sciences, 393, 403. See also Maitreya.

Mahāyoga, in Treasure cycles, 157-158

Mahipa (siddha), 59

mahīyate, as Skt. equivalent of Tib. mchod pa, 312

Mainstream Schools, openness of canons of, 71

Maitreya/Maitreyanātha, 119

• Abhisamayālaṃkāra, 128-129, 202, 207, 262
• as "Great Mādhyamika," 218
• cited by Blo bzang rta dbyangs, 265
• Five Treasures of, 116, 130, 218
• Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra, 263
• revelation of texts by as precedent for gter ma, 153

Maitrīpa, 221

• and Mar pa bKa' brgyud succession, 278
• Tattvadaśaka, 224n

Majjhima Nikāya , 246

maṇḍalas, 103

• Bu ston on, 472
• in consecration, 291
• in deity yoga, 334
• in Dharmamaṇḍala Sūtra, 475
• offering of, 321
• Rong tha Blo bzang on, 476

Mandehā, in Kalāpāvatāra, 490

Ma ne ne (Gung sman rgyal mo), goddess in Ge sar epic, 362, 364

Mang thos Klu sgrub rgya mtsho, 43, 195

Maṇi bka' 'bum, 149

• as teachings of Srong btsan sgam po, 156, 162n
• important source for glu, 370
• manuscript of enclosed in mchod rten, 508
• recensions of, 48

Mañjuśrī, 60-61

• in Kalāpāvatāra, 489
• Tsong kha pa's encounter with, 379
• Yāmāntaka as, 255n

Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa, 100

Man lung Guru: "realist itinerary" of, 491

• Ṣha mbha la'i lam yig, 485, 488, 490-492, 494n, 495n

man ngag, compared with gdams ngag, 275, 284n

Man ngag rgyud , as division of RGyud bzhi, 464

mantras, analytical descriptions of and phonology, 426-427

Mantrayāna , as earlier name for Vajrayāna , 102

Mao Zedong, 507

Māra, 344-345

mārga. See path.

Mārīcī, in Kalāpāvatāra, 490

Mar pa bKa' brgyud order: and transmission of Shangs pa teachings, 279

• gdams ngag of, 278

Mar pa Chos kyi blo gros (Marpa), 220

• and Mar pa bKa' brgyud succession, 278
• guru of Mi la ras pa, 378
• tantric songs brought by, 373

master and disciple, relationship between in gdams ngag, 275-276

mchid, as sub-category of "royal songs," 370

MChims phu ma, 503

MChims ston Nam mkha' grags pa: bstan rim of, 240

• cited by Bu ston, 46
• manuscript edition of Vinaya by, 77

mchod pa, as Tib. equivalent of Skt. pūjā, mahīyate, 312-313. See also offering, pūjā.

mchod pa'i cho ga. See offerings, ritual texts on.

mchod rten ("reliquary"), 317

• dkar chags of, 502, 505-511
• symbolism of, 511n. See also stūpa.

MChog lha 'od zer, 192-193, 196n, 197n

mda' mo, associated with Ge sar, 364

mdo, as corresponding with "Mahāyāna," 79. See also sūtras.

Mḍo mdzangs blun, illustrations of, 473

MDo mkhar zhabs drung Tshe ring dbang rgyal, GZhon nu zla med kyi gtam rgyud, 411, 414, 416-417

• other works of, 419n

MDzes bkod, 119

MDzes sdug me tog, character in GZhon nu zla med, 415-416

means (upāya, thabs), as represented in tantras, 105

means of achievement, as translation of sādhana, 332, 334

Me bza' 'Bum skyid, character in Ge sar epic, 360

Medhini (siddha), 59

medicine: canonical texts, 461-462

• general theory of, 462
• lineages of, 460
• relation to religious practices, 459
• Western accounts of, 458. See also RGyud bzhi.

Medicine Buddha sūtras, as predecessors to RGyud bzhi, 464

meditation: as pūjā, 313

• as represented in Treasure texts, 158
• ritualization of, 290
• stages of, 323
• tantric practice as, 104

Meisezahl, R. O., 440, 454n

mental purification texts (blo sbyong): as uniquely Tibetan genre, 244-245, 252

• as virtually indistinguishable from lam rim, 248
• earliest texts regarding, 246
• lineage of, 249
• significant for most Tibetan[page 537] schools, 247
• Tibetan and Sanskrit terms and equivalents, 245-246

mental training, as inadequate translation for blo sbyong, 254n

merit (puṇya, bsod nams): and ritual offerings, 313-314

• sponsorship of bKa' 'gyur as act of, 85

Mes ag tshoms, 151

metallurgy, handbooks on, 476

metaphysics, as ritualized in offerings, 315. See also cosmology, emptiness, two truths.

metrical schemes, Indian, and Tibetan poetry, 373-377

MGar stong bstan yul zang, 443

mgur: as Buddhistic songs, 369

• as particularly religious songs, 372
• as sub-category of "royal songs," 370
• seven types of, 374
• tradition of influenced by snyan ngag, 375. See also poetry.

Mi bskyod rdo rje: as criticized by RJe btsun Chos kyi rgyal mtshan, 218, 220-221, 225n

• BKa' brgyud mgur mtsho, 386n
• commentary on Ābhidharmakośa, 134
• literature on grounds and paths by, 262
• on iconometry, 474

Mid dbang Pho lha nas bSod nams stob rgyas, biography of by Tshe ring dbang rgyal, 419n

Midrash, Buddhist folk teachings compared with, 246

Mi la ras pa, 278, 381-382

• and beginnings of chiefly religious songs, 372-373
• as cited by RJe btsun pa, 220-221
• Chögyam Trungpa's indebtedness to, 382
• melodies of songs of, 373
• mgur of contrasted with Tsong kha pa's snyan ngag, 388n
• rnam thar of as example of law, 453n
• songs of, 362, 370
• straightforwardly personal poet, 378-379
• trochaic verse of songs of, 375

Miller, Roy Andrew, 431

Milton, John, 384

Mīmāṃsā, 174

mind, Tibetan and Sanskrit terms and equivalents, 245-246

Minkowski, C. Z., 304n

Mi pham rNam rgyal rgya mtsho (Mi pham Rin po che), 135n, 253n, 275-276, 355n

• edition of Ge sar epic by, 366n
• exegesis of Kāvyādarśa by, 397
• handbook on painting, 476
• literature on grounds and paths by, 262

miracles, explanations of, 63-64

Miscellany (sNa tshogs) section, commentaries in, 114

missionaries, and Western encounters with Tibet, 11

MKhan chen bKa' bzhi pa Grags pa gzhon nu, 239

MKhan chen bSod nams grags pa, 239

[MKhan po] gZhan dga', 253n

MKhan po 'Jigs med phun tshogs, 163n

• as gter ston, 148

MKhan zur Lhun grub thabs mkhas, 347, 349

MKhas grub bstan gsal, 194

MKhas grub dge legs dpal bzang po: cited by ’Jam dbyangs bzhad pa, 212n

• commentaries on, 403
• literature on grounds and paths by, 262
• poetic style of, 398
• sādhanas of, 340n, 341n
• Sṭong thun chen mo, 208

MKhas grub rje. See MKhas grub dge legs dpal bzang po.

MKhas pa'i dga' ston, 453n

• as source for art history, 477

MKhas pa lDe'u, 48

• chos 'byung of, 42, 46

MKhas pa rnams la 'jug pa'i sgo, of Sa skya Paṇḍita, 395, 412, 418n

• and Kāvyādarśa, 418n

MKhas sgrub bsTan pa dar rgyas, 208

MNga' ris, 282

modernism, Chögyam Trungpa influenced by, 383

monasteries: and elaboration of snyan ngag, 375

• curricula of, 187-198, 202-213
• insignificance of in legends of siddhas, 59, 62
• power of, 15
• structure of, 188, 196n, 205. See also BKra shis kyil, BKra shis lhun po, BSam yas

Mon gling g.yul 'gyed, episode of Ge sar epic, 360

Mongolia: connections with SNar thang, Sa skya, 76

• influence on Tibetan historiography, 44
• law codes of as influencing Tibet, 444-445
• relations with, 44-45

monks: as élite, literati, 15

• in relation to laity, 204
• most not students, 205

motivating cause, in SGam po pa's Ṭhar pa rin po che'i rgyan, 233

Mūlasarvāstivādins, Tibetan Vinaya and, 87n

Mullin, Glenn, 340n

[Mus chen] dKon chog rgyal mtshan, 253n

Mus chen sems dpa' chen po dKon mchog rgyal mtshan, 237

Mu tig btsan po, 162n[page 538]

Ṃyang chos 'byung, as source for art history, 477

myth, legends of siddhas as, 62, 66-67

myur gsol, related to question of zhabs brtan, 351

Nāgārjuna, 282

• as "Great Mādhyamika," 218
• cited by Blo bzang rta dbyangs, 265
• cited by ’Jam dbyangs bzhad pa, 212n
• clarification of teachings on emptiness by, 262
• in polemics, 224n
• in Tsong kha pa's vision, 220
• medical texts attributed to, 461, 467n
• Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, 130, 132-133, 298
• question of attribution of commentaries to, 118-119
• Ratnāvalī, 247, 263
• retrieval of texts by as precedent for gter ma, 153

Nāgārjuna (siddha), 58, 61

• sādhanas of, 339n

Nag po pa, 304n

Nag po rgya gling kyi le'u, episode of Ge sar epic, 360

Nag tsho lo tsā ba Tshul khrims rgyal ba, unavailability of bstan rim of, 239

nairātmya. See self/selflessness.

names, spiritual, of siddhas, 59

Namkhai Norbu, 163n

nam mkha' mdzod ("sky treasury"), and Mi la ras pa's mgur, 375

Nam mkha' rgyal mtshan, 75

na puṃsaka liṅga, Sanskrit grammatical term, 423

Nāropa, 220-221, 278

• biography of, 57
• maṇḍala offering to Tilopa as model, 322
• Pañcakramasaṃgrahaprakāśa, 224n

Ne' u Paṇḍita Grags pa smon lam blo gros, Sṇgon gyi gtam me tog phreng ba, 467

New bKa' gdams school, DGe lugs pas as, 277

New Schools (GSar ma pa): as critical of Treasure texts, 148

• classification of tantras by, 99-100
• dominance of, 95

New Tantras, in bKa' 'gyur, 149-150

Ngag dbang blo bzang chos ldan (First lCang skya rin po che), brtan zhugs of, 350

Ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho. See Dalai Lama, fifth.

Ngag dbang blo gros, 304n

Ngag dbang brtson 'grus, and Rāmāyaṇa, 399

Ngag dbang bstan pa'i rgya mtsho, commentary on MKhas grub rje, 398

Ngag dbang chos grags, 195

Ngag dbang chos ldan (First Rwa spreng Rin po che), collected works of as containing first zhabs brtan, 350

Ngag dbang 'jig rten dbang phyug grags pa, works on ornate poetry, 402

Ngag dbang kun dga' bsod nams grags pa rgyal mtshan, Ḷegs sbyar klog tshul gyi bstan bcos gsal kun dga' ba, 433n

Ngag dbang 'phrin las lhun grub, 193

Ngor pa, Sa skya pa sub-order, 277

Niguma, sister or wife of Nāropa, 278

Nirgrantha (Jaina), in presentation of tenets, 174

nondual (advaya) union of pairs, in tantras, 105

nonduality, as ritualized in offerings, 323

Nor brang O rgyan, 405n

numerical lists, in law codes, 442

nyams mgur: compared with Western poetry, 384-386

• Tibetan translation of Skt. dohā, 388n
• united by common theme, 383. See also poetry.

Nyang ban Ting 'dzin bzang po, 162n

Nyang ral Nyi ma 'od zer, 150, 162n

• chos 'byung of, 46, 48
• references to Khri srong lde bstan, 41
• sources of chronicle of, 49

Nyi ma bstan 'dzin, catalogue of Bon po canon by, 140, 143, 144n, 503

Nyi ma grub, 119

occult practices, and origins of tantras, 98

occupation, of siddhas, as object of meditation, 60

offerings (mchod pa): as comprising religious practices, 315

• four types of in Highest Yoga Tantra, 323
• imaginative presentation of, 318
• in Kālacakra sādhana, 336
• indigenous background of, 316
• karmic merit from, 313
• paradigms of in tantric literature, 322-327
• ritual texts on, 316-317
• soteriological significance of, 320
• visualization in, 318-319, 325

Ögödei Khan, 44

Old Tantras: catalogues of, 503

• as alternative canon, 149-150
• Indian transmission of, 153
• "long transmission" of, 150
• prominence of in Treasure cycles, 157-158

Old Tibetan, and etymology of dkar chag, 511n

Old Tibetan Chronicle, importance of, 39-40

ontology, as narrow sense of bsdus grwa, 188-189

open canon, Mahāyāna canon as, 71[page 539]

oral tradition: and instruction in art, 480

• and offering rituals, 316
• and transmission of poetry, 368
• as guided by gdams ngag, 282
• continuing importance of, 14
• earliest mental purification teachings as, 248
• importance of for sādhanas, 333, 341n
• in transmission of sūtras, 112
• of Ge sar epic, 361-362
• relation to commentaries, 131
• relation to debate manuals, 203
• relation to written tradition, 14

O rgyan gling pa, 156, 223n

• Ṣhel brag ma, 161n

O rgyan lam yig, of U rgyan pa Rin chen dpal, 485

Orgyan mkha' 'gro'i gling gi lam yig thar lam bgrod pa'i them skas, 494n

Orgyan pa Ngag dbang rgya mtsho, 494n

Orgyan pa Rin chen dpal, and rDo rje gsum gyi bsnyen sgrub lineage, 280

ornate poetry, and Kāvyādarśa, 393, 400. See also snyan ngag, poetry.

Orofino, Giacomella, 142

orthodoxy, formation of and polemics, 222

pāda, as rendered in Tibetan epic songs, 362

Padma dkar po: mgur of, 374

• on iconometry, 473, 475-476, 479. See also ’Brug pa Padma dkar po.

Padma'i bka' thang, important source for glu, 370

Padma phrin las, 305n

Padmasambhava, 155-160, 220

• as source of gdams ngag, 277
• biography of, 49
• centrality of for Treasure tradition, 150-151
• hagiography of, in Treasure texts, 156-157, 161n
• images of, 508
• in Ge sar epic, 359, 363-365
• mgur of, 372
• Vairocana studied Sanskrit with, 463

Pa gor Bai ro tsa na, as source of gdams ngag, 277. See also Vairocana (Tibetan).

painting, handbooks on, 476

Pāli canon, 71, 346, 349

Paṇ chen Blo bzang dpal ldan ye shes: as "pre-incarnation" of Raudra Cakrin, 492, 496n

• Ṣhambha la'i lam yig, 491-492, 495n. See also Blo bzang dpal ldan ye shes.

Paṇ chen bSod nams grags pa, 173, 194

• debate manuals of, 208
• Ḍeb ther dmar po gsar ma, 45. See also BSod nams grags pa.

Paṇ chen Lama, first, 302, 304n, 321, 339n, 387n. See also Blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan.

Paṇ chen Lama, second, 413, 478

Paṇchen Lama, third. See Blo bzang dpal ldan ye shes, Paṇ chen Blo bzang dpal ldan ye shes.

Paṇ chen Ötrul, 303n

Pāṇini, Aṣṭādhyāyī, 422-423, 425-426, 432n

• Tibetan translations of criticized, 405n

Paramādibuddhatantra, 496n

Pāramitāyāna, stages of for Sa skya pas, 237-238

parasmaipada, question of relation to gzhan, 429-430

parātmaparivārtana. See exchanging oneself and others.

parātmasamatā. See equality of oneself and others.

paribhāṣā, rules of interpretation, 112

particles, indeclinable and enclitic, 431

Pascal, Blaise, 252

path (mārga, lam): as rehearsed in sādhana, 338

• as metaphor, 266-269
• as consciousness, 267-269
• as synonymous with "ground," "vehicle," 269
• as wisdom (prajñā), 267-268
• Tibetan literature on, 261-270. See also grounds, lam rim.

peacock, bodhisattva compared with, 251, 255n

Perfection of Wisdom. See Prajñāpāramitā.

Performance (caryā) Tantra, character of, 100, 102

person, views of, as represented in doxography, 178-179. See also self/selflessness.

pervasion, in logic, 189

Pha dam pa Sangs rgyas, 220

• and Zhi byed and Gcod teachings, 279

Phag mo gru dynasty, law codes of, 445-446, 449

Phag mo gru pa rDo rje rgyal po, and eight lesser BKa' brgyud orders, 278

• influence on SGam po pa, 234-235
• Ṣangs rgyas kyi bstan pa la rim gyis 'jug pa'i tshul, 233-235

’Phags pa 'gro dgon chos rgyal Blo gros rgyal mtshan, 43, 495n

• and indigenous poetic forms, 401
• and Sambhala myth, 488
• catalogue of tantras as model for SNar thang bKa' 'gyur, 77
• sponsorship of translation of Kāvyādarśa by, 395
• study of Indic poetics, 412-413

’Phang thang ma, 503

Phar phyin . See Prajñāpāramitā .

philosophy: as soteriological, 170-171, 177, 204

• Indian, delineations of, 170
• Indian, influence on Tibetan curricula, 188, 192, 195-196
• Tibetan, native elements in, 188, 192, 195-196[page 540]

phonemes, classification of, 425-427

’Phreng bo gTer ston Shes rab 'od zer, 277

’Phreng kha ba dPal blo bzang po, 474

Phrin las rgya mtsho, 305n

Phun tshogs bcwo brgyad, of Bo dong Paṇ chen, 400

Phur bu lcog Byams pa tshul khrims rgya mtsho dpal bzang po, 194

Phur bu lcog Ngag dbang byams pa, 196n, 197n

Phur lcog bsdus grwa, 194

Phur lcog yongs 'dzin, 197n

Phya pa chos kyi seng ge, see Phywa pa chos kyi seng ge.

Phyi rgyud , division of RGyud bzhi, 464

Phyogs thams cad rnam par rgyal ba. See ’Jigs med grags pa.

physiology, tantric, 337, 341n. See also medicine.

Phywa pa chos kyi seng ge, 235-238

• and question of origins of bsdus grwa, 196n
• criticized by Sa skya Paṇḍita, 192
• on logic, 190-193
• unavailability of history by, 46

piety, editing of bKa' 'gyur as act of, 84

pluralism, in medical analogy, 281

poetics: as least developed area of Tibetology, 394

• "Indo-Tibetan," 412
• in service of propagating Buddhism, 412
• science of, 393-394, 412. See also Daṇḍin, Kṣemendra, kāvya, Kāvyādarśa, poetry.

poetry: indigenous, 400-401

• Indo-Tibetan contrasted with Sino-Japanese, 388n
• qualities of, 414
• Romantic, compared with Tibetan, 377
• Tibetan, 368-388
• Tibetan analytical works on, 369, 386n
• Tibetan anthologies of, 369, 386n
• Western, compared with nyams mgur, 384-386
• Western, compared with Tibetan generally, 377
• Western concept of, 368-369. See also Daṇḍin, glu, Kṣemendra, kāvya, Kāvyādarśa, mgur, poetics, snyan ngag, nyams mgur.

polemics: as translation of dgag lan, 218, 222n

• genre exemplified by RJe btsun pa, 218, 222
• history of, 218
• intra-school, 225n
• political uses of, 226n

Po ta la'i lam yig, 486, 492

Po to ba Rin chen gsal, 249

• dPe chos, 246

Pound, Ezra, 384

practitioners, three types of, 263-264

practitioners of paths, as opposed to schools, 181-183

Prajñākaramati, commentary on Bodhicaryāvatāra, 255n

Prajñāpāramitā (sūtras) (sher phyin), 122n

• and origins of ground/path literature, 262
• as type of Mahāyāna canon, 72
• as commentarial division, 114
• as division of monastic curriculum, 187-188, 207
• extant Tibetan commentaries on, 115
• of Bon pos, 141
• place of in Lḍan kar ma, 73
• Tibetan study of based in Indian texts, 188
• understanding of insight of in Zhi byed and GCod yul teachings, 279. See also Aṣṭasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra, Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya Sūtra.

Prajñāpāramitāhṛdaya Sūtra, 115.

Prajñāvarman, commentary on Viśeṣastava, 394

Prakrit, tantric texts translated from, 98

Pramāṇa ( tshad ma ): as subject in DGe lugs pa curriculum, 187-188, 192

• classification of theories of, 191
• concepts of used by Phag mo gru pa, 234-235
• in ’Jam dbyangs bzhad pa's manual, 209-211
• Phya pa on, 190-191

Pramāṇavārttika, 196

• commentary on by BCom ldan, 75. See also Dharmakīrti.

prasaṅga (thal 'gyur), 189, 190

Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka ("Consequence School"), 174, 176, 179

• interpretations of commentaries of, 132-133
• Madhyamaka prior to division into, 282
• point of view of on grounds and paths, 262, 264-265

Praśāstrasena, 119

Pratimālakṣaṇa Sūtra, iconometric theory in, 473

Prātiśākhyas, and Kātantra Sūtra, 425-427, 432n, 433n

pratīṣṭhā. See consecration.

pratyekabuddha. See solitary realizer

• see also practitioners.

Pratyutpannasamādhi Sūtra, 153

Pratz, Ramon, 161n

precedent, appeal to in polemics, 220

preliminary practice texts, as exemplifying offering paradigms, 317-322

prescriptive, catalogues of canon as, 74

presence, in consecrated receptacle, 293-294

presentation of tenets ( *siddhāntavyavasthāpana , grub mtha'i rnam bzhag ). See doxography.

printing technology, Chinese, Tibetan adoption of, 81

prison, saṃsāra conceived as, 266

prophecy: as legitimating Treasure texts, 152, 159

• in Ge sar epic, 364

propitiation, in consecration, 291

propositions, in logic, 189

Pryamānanda (sic), Tāranātha on, 399

psychotherapy, compared with mental[page 541] purification texts, 252

pūjā: as Skt. equivalent of Tib. mchod pa, 312

• as veneration of guests, 314
• for Kālacakra, 336
• in Hindu sūtras, 314
• in Indian Buddhism, 313-314
• structure of, 320. See also offerings, ritual.

puṃ liṅga, untranslated Sanskrit grammatical term, 423

puṇya: and ritual offerings, 313-314. See also merit.

puṇyakṣetra, 313

Puṇyaśrībhadra (=BSod nams dpal bzang po), 45

Purāṇas , Sambhala in, 486

purification, Tibetan and Sanskrit terms and equivalents, 245-246

Purṇānanda, Tāranātha on, 399

Qubilai Khan, 44, 488

• as recipient of U rgyan pa's work, 43

Rab brtan Kun bzang 'phags pa, 80, 400

rab gnas, consecration of images, 476-477. See also consecration.

Ṛa bstod bsdus grwa, 192

Rabten, Geshe: as modern composer of mgur, 374

• nyams mgur of, 382

Ṛab tu gnas pa mdor bsdus pa'i rgyud, 294, 299

Rag ra Ngag dbang bstan pa'i rgyal mtshan, 406n

Ral pa can, assassination of, 107n